Iron Element Facts

Iron Basic Facts: Symbol: FeAtomic Number: 26Atomic Weight: 55.847Element Classification: Transition MetalCAS Number: 7439-89-6 Iron Periodic Table Location Group: 8Period:4Block: d Iron Electron Configuration Short Form: [Ar]3d64s2Long Form: 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2Shell Structure: 2 8 14 2 Iron Discovery Discovery Date: Ancient TimesName: Iron derives its name from the Anglo-Saxon iren. The element symbol, Fe, was shortened from the Latin word ferrum meaning firmness.History: Ancient Egyptian iron objects have been dated to around 3500 B.C. These objects also contain approximately 8% nickel showing the iron may have originally been part of a meteorite. The Iron Age began around 1500 B.C. when the Hittites of Asia Minor began to smelt iron ore and make iron tools. Iron Physical Data State at room temperature (300 K): SolidAppearance: malleable, ductile, silvery metalDensity: 7.870 g/cc (25  °C)Density at Melting Point: 6.98 g/ccSpecific Gravity: 7.874 (20  °C)Melting Point: 1811 KBoiling Point: 3133.35 KCritical Point: 9250 K at 8750 barHeat of Fusion: 14.9 kJ/molHeat of Vaporization: 351 kJ/molMolar Heat Capacity: 25.1 J/mol ·KSpecific Heat: 0.443 J/g ·K (at 20  °C) Iron Atomic Data Oxidation States (Bold most common): 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, and -2Electronegativity: 1.96 (for oxidation state 3) and 1.83 (for oxidation state 2)Electron Affinity: 14.564 kJ/molAtomic Radius: 1.26 Ã…Atomic Volume: 7.1 cc/molIonic Radius: 64 (3e) and 74 (2e)Covalent Radius: 1.24 Ã…First Ionization Energy: 762.465 kJ/molSecond Ionization Energy: 1561.874 kJ/molThird Ionization Energy: 2957.466 kJ/mol Iron Nuclear Data Number of isotopes: 14 isotopes are known. Naturally occuring iron is made up of four isotopes.Natural Isotopes and % abundance: 54Fe (5.845),56Fe (91.754), 57Fe (2.119) and 58Fe (0.282) Iron Crystal Data Lattice Structure: Body-Centered CubicLattice Constant: 2.870 Ã…Debye Temperature: 460.00 K Iron Uses Iron is vital to plant and animal life. Iron is the active part of the hemoglobin molecule our bodies use to transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Iron metal is widely alloyed with other metals and carbon for a multiple commercial uses. Pig iron is an alloy containing about 3-5% carbon, with varying quantities of Si, S, P, and Mn. Pig iron is brittle, hard, and fairly fusible and is used to produce other iron alloys, including steel. Wrought iron contains only a few tenths of a percent of carbon and is malleable, tough, and less fusible than pig iron. Wrought iron typically has a fibrous structure. Carbon steel is an iron alloy with carbon and small amounts of S, Si, Mn, and P. Alloy steels are carbon steels that contain additives such as chromium, nickel, vanadium, etc. Iron is the least expensive, most abundant, and most used of all metals. Miscellaneous Iron Facts Iron is the 4th most abundant element in the Earths crust. The Earths core is believed to be comprised primarily of iron.Pure iron is chemically reactive and corrodes rapidly, especially in moist air or at elevated temperatures.There are four allotropes of iron known as ferrites. These are designated ÃŽ ±-, ÃŽ ²-, ÃŽ ³-, and ÃŽ ´- with transition points at 770, 928, and 1530  °C. The ÃŽ ±- and ÃŽ ²- ferrites have the same crystal structure, but when the ÃŽ ±- form becomes the ÃŽ ²- form, the magnetism disappears.The most common iron ore is hematite (Fe2O3 mostly). Iron is also found in magnetite (Fe3O4) and taconite (a sedimentary rock containing more than 15% iron mixed with quartz).The top three countries that mine iron are Ukraine, Russia and China. China, Australia and Brazil lead the world in iron production.Many meteorites have been found to contain high levels of iron.Iron is found in the sun and other stars.Iron is an essential mineral for health, but too much iron is extre mely toxic. Free iron in the blood reacts with peroxides to form free radicals that damage DNA, protein, lipids and other cellular components, leading to illness and sometimes death. 20 milligrams of iron per kilogram of body weight is toxic, while 60 milligrams per kilogram is lethal.Iron is essential for the development of brain development. Children with iron deficiencies show a lower ability to learn.Iron burns with a gold color in a flame test.Iron is used in fireworks to make sparks. The color of the sparks will depend on the temperature of the iron. Sources CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (89th Ed.), National Institute of Standards and Technology, History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers, Norman E. Holden 2001.

The Product Liability Law - Protecting the Rights of the Consumer to S Term Paper

Essays on The Product Liability Law - Protecting the Rights of the Consumer to Safeguard Them from the Potential Harm of the Defective Products Term Paper The paper â€Å"The Product Liability Law - Protecting the Rights of the Consumer to Safeguard Them from the Potential Harm of the Defective Products† is an informative variant of term paper on law. Product liability is the liability of a manufacturer for marketing a defective product to the consumer. In the US, product liability claims are under the jurisdiction of state law. Each state has a set of commercial statutes based on the Uniform Commercial Code. It has the warranty rules governing product liability. They are covered under negligence, strict liability or breach of warranty.Earlier if one wished to claim for the injuries caused by a product, one had to have ‘privity of contract’ which is a contractual contract between the supplier and the buyer of the product. Now, this is not required anymore. A claim can be made for product liability even if the injured person is not the buyer of the product. As long as the product has been sold and there is a possibil ity of injury from that product, a product liability claim can be made. In other words, we can say that if a product fails to meet the requirement or expectation of a customer or can cause a possible injury, it is covered by the product liability law.The sale of the product is a must for product liability to arise. In fact, the responsibility of the defective products lies with all the sellers who may be in the chain like the manufacturer, wholesaler, and retailer or even the party that assembles and installs the product. Strict liability is applicable when the products are sold in a regular way. For example, if someone sells something through a garage sale, he would not be liable for the product liability.Laws for Product LiabilityThe laws for product liability have been developed over a long period of time. In English courts, there was a doctrine called – ‘caveat emptor’. This meant that- ‘let the buyer beware’. This doctrine expected the consumer to protect himself from the obvious and hidden defects of a product and he could not make a claim from the manufacturer. Later the English courts included a rule that made the manufacturer own the responsibility of any hidden defects of their products.The American courts had the ‘caveat emptor’ rule for a longer time. It was there is most of the nineteenth century. In the late nineteenth century, the US courts started the implied warranty that provided the consumer with the privity of contract with the defendant. In other words, the consumer can claim any product liability only if he had directly purchased it from the manufacturer.Since most of the manufacturers sold through the retailers, there was no privity of contract and the consumers could not claim it from the manufacturers. It was only in the 1950s and 1960s that the consumers could claim from the manufacturers whom they were not in their direct contact. In 1965, the Restatement of Torts was officially introduce d by the ALI or the American Law Institute. Since then the law of product liability has started to develop. This development was recognized by the ALI in 1998 by approving the Restatement (third) of Torts: Product Liability.

Running Away Free Essays

That night, she peered at me with eyes that was hanging out of her sockets and then said quietly that i could stay at her house. We strolled along the windey road waiting to see any of our other friends from school we saw a few but no one we wanted to hang around with; i was cold and so was Sarah we decided to go home we walked for miles †¦ well it seemed like miles my legs were aching and my back was killing i had shooting pains right from the top all the way to the bottom! We got to Sarah’s house and to our amazment Sarah’s mum wasn’t in we decided to make a comfy spot for us to sit while her mum came home †¦ it was like we had been sat there for hours in the background we could hear the church bells ringing we listened carefully to hear each chime we counted the chimes; something didn’t add up right both of us counted 10 chimes we starred at each other for at least 30 seconds we were amaized †¦ Sarah said in a quiet voice † where’s my mum im getting scared?† I thought to my self i know the feeling †¦we sat there a while longer to see if she turned up when we could hear a rumbling noise from the drain pipe †¦ it was like someone was in the house †¦Sarah knew there couldnt have been anyone in the house because when she tried the door earlier it wouldnt open! I was so scared We sat there a little longer; I couldn’t feel my feet and the end of my fingers were numb. I couldn’t believe how long we had been out for. We will write a custom essay sample on Running Away or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Do you have any sweets, my blood sugar is going down† I searched my pockets and my bag I had nothing † I haven’t got anything im sorry† I whispered in a shivery voice. Sarah had diabetes and couldn’t go for very long with out food, I looked at Sarah she appeared tired and gloomy I thought she might be upset with me â€Å"Sarah† I said quietly â€Å"are you upset with me† she didn’t answer I turned around and asked her again Sarah had passed out. NOW I WAS FRIGHTENED. I was alone; I rummaged through my bag and found one sweet. A deep red aniseed ball, I looked at Sarah. I knew she needed it more than me, so I sat her up against the wall and placed the aniseed ball on her tongue. Nothing happened†¦after a few seconds her eyes started to flutter â€Å"mum† Sarah called out, â€Å"Sarah its me, im here, are you ok?† she mumbled a few words I couldn’t make out what she was trying to say. I asked her to repeat the what she said â€Å"the foot mat in front of the garage, there is a key for the front door† I ran to the garage lifted the mat and there was a key I picked it up and scrambled back. We stood up slowly put the key in the door and turned it, we walked in slowly. Sarah looked into the living room and started screaming†¦ I turned not knowing what I was going to see and Sarah’s mum was slumped in the chair alone. She had passed away†¦ How to cite Running Away, Papers

Paper vs Digital Reading is an Exhausted Debate free essay sample

However e-books are very environmentaly friendly in many cases. Although printed books are the complete opposite. Printed books kill the environment for instance, six teen million tons of paper it consumes each year, leading up to thirty two million fallen trees annually, the industry’s carbon foot print is enormous.On average each printed book releases about nine pounds of carbon dioxide, I think e-books are better than books for various reasons. Some of those reasons are there quicker to obtain, there easily updated and upgraded and they are eco friendly etc. Although the paper books have their advantages but there disadvantages seem to overwhelm in many cases. In my opinion physical books will disappear do to technological and environmental purposes, but printed books will not be gone.Firstly e-books are better than books because of how quickly you can obtain them example, to get a book you would need to go to a library, and to buy the latest book of a certain author it would take you to wait in line for about an hour which would be grueling if you do not live close to the library. We will write a custom essay sample on Paper vs Digital Reading is an Exhausted Debate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although for an e-books you could do it at the comfort of your home. Also for the purchase of an e-books is considerably cheaper than printed books, for example an e-book would price range around 12 American dollars, but on the other hand a printed book costs up to 28 American dollars. As you can see there is a drastic price difference between these two. However e-books are very environmentaly friendly in many cases. Although printed books are the complete opposite. Printed books kill the environment for instance, six teen million tons of paper it consumes each year, leading up to thirty two million fallen trees annually, the industry’s carbon foot print is enormous. On average each printed book releases about nine pounds of carbon dioxide.

Satire on Global Warming Essay Example

Satire on Global Warming Paper I am proposing that the people of the world minimize their heat usage to the extreme. This means minimal heating in cars, houses, and the use of appliances that generate heat must be minimized. If everyone sacrifices this amount of heating, we can get the earth back down to a normal temperature. The use of hair dryers, curling irons, computers, copy machines, or any other electrical appliance which generates any amount of heat must be limited to an hour per day. At the present moment, most electrical machines r devices are kept turned on throughout the entire day, whether they are in use or just sitting somewhere producing heat, which in turn, is causing global warming. In recent news reports, 49 out of the 50 states have had snowfall in the same day. The only state that did not have snow was Hawaii. This means the typical hot states like Florida, Texas, and Alabama had snowfall. This is not normal, especially since this has been a repeated occurrence Global warming is causing chaos in the weather systems!!! This news should stop he people of the world in their tracks and cause them to change their ways immediately, but yet it does not. What will stop people in their tracks? When the world explodes because of too much global warming? This issue has gotten out of hand and it is time to end it. So, people of the world! It is your time to make a difference. Turn off the TVs, lights, and computers. Unplug the cell phones, hair dryers, and toasters. Use less electricity-sucking appliances which are heating everything up and join in the force to save the planet! We will write a custom essay sample on Satire on Global Warming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Satire on Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Satire on Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Life and Culture in Japan essays

Life and Culture in Japan essays The life that we live in America is relatively the same across the entire country. We all understand the general idea of our own culture. The average stereotype is that we go to work every day at 9 am, come home at 5 pm, and do it all over again the next day. Now understanding all of this, think about the life of a person that has grown up in a small Japanese village their entire life. Think about how on this small earth there can be so many different and diverse cultures. Imagine someone coming from a small village in Japan and trying to start their adult life in a city such as Tokyo or even an American city such as New York or Chicago. This is a culture that is not only interesting but is so dramatically different than what we are used to that I makes one wonder, what would it be like to live like that? First to understand the aspects of living life in a small village one must first understand Japanese culture and government. Over the past millennia, Japanese culture and government have changed so dramatically. Their government began as a small feudal system where powerful families ruled small areas of land known as Shoens. Then it evolved into a Shogunate system or more of an empire. This empire has lasted for hundreds of years and is still in use today in Japan, even though the emperor has no true power in government. This system of government shaped the culture that we see in Japan today. For example, during the time of Tokugawa shogunate rule in Japan, the Tokugawa family cut off Japan from the rest of the world. This isolation resulted in Japan being behind in many different areas such as technology and information. This greatly hurt the modernity of Japan's culture. This isolation truly lasted till the beginning of the twentieth century when the United States forced Japan to start trading. After this trading, we see the modern Japanese culture that we know today began to form. Japanese culture is an interesting one at th...

Why have armies so seldom intervened in the politics of European Essay

Why have armies so seldom intervened in the politics of European countries in recent years Why have they so often intervened in the politics of countries in sub-Saharan Africa - Essay Example challenges principles of sovereignty made 300 years back with the Treaty of Westphalia that set an example for modern Europe ending a century of destruction and war. Under this treaty, highest authority belonged to the ruler and no appeal for justice could be made after the ruler’s verdict. The religion or principles of the ruler had to be followed by the subjects, Pope in the case of medieval Europe. This rule proved its worth in putting an end to confessional wars and each state was given the right to all internal affairs without interference. The negative aspect of this treaty was the formations of dictator governments on the name of sovereignty where all power vested in the hands of government officials or in majority cases just one person. This category of dictatorship was practiced in 19th century by leaders such as Bismarck, Emmanuel Victor and Garibaldi and others (STEPAN, 2012). Among all regulations one right was given to the ruler to call for war. This sovereignty right was only given to powerful European nations and was never extended to areas and places outside Europe. This power of declaring war within nations lay under the hands of governments. None had the right to speak and interfere when a European leader declares war and conquers parts of African or Asian territories for the sake of civilization, humanitarian or modernism. In the 19th century the concept of nations states spread and with it the idea of national sovereignty extended to other territories (ALONSO, 2011). Back in the 20th century, the Nazi regime in Germany raised a number of challenges and questions to the belief of nation’s sovereignty. With the principle of non-interference nations allowed Nazis to practice their activities that became the cause of genocides and massive killings with destructions. It was only when the Nazis threatened Europe’s domination; forces within Europe stood up to defend the cause. The debates on recent intervention in Bosnia and Iraq raise the same

HL1003N Reading Twentieth Century Fiction Essay

HL1003N Reading Twentieth Century Fiction - Essay Example During the course of the evening, Gretta is reminded of a man named Michael Furey, a man who is not her husband, but whom she once loved many years ago. In the first occasion she is reminded of the town of Galway, where she had her relationship with Furey. Second, she listens to a song by Mr. DArcy which is the same song Furey sang on their long walks through the countryside. This too takes her away to different time and place. Gabriel for his part does not pay much attention to his wife. He did not really want to go to the dance and feels alienated from the people there. He doesn’t know how to talk to them and doesn’t really seem to want to talk to them. When he leaves to go back to the hotel with Gretta he thinks, â€Å"they had escaped from their lives and duties† (169). He doesn’t like it there. Only then does he see that Gretta is in a different kind of mood. Not only was she not paying attention to much of the party, but she was lost in the past†”thinking mostly of a dead man who had influenced her life so much. She finally tells Gabriel about how Furey had died as a young man after catching cold while standing outside of her window in the rain shouting up to Gretta that he did not want to live without her. After his wife has gone to bed, Gabriel thinks about his own life and about his wife; he feels like he leads a passionless existence. At first he was angry at Furey, but finally he begins to see that the passion that motivated Furey focused and encouraged a good life. He looks at his sleeping wife: â€Å"He thought of how she who lay beside him had locked in her heart for so many years that image of her lover’s eyes when he had told her that he did not wish to live† (176).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dead are everywhere in this story. They are, for example, the subject of Gabriels speech at the dinner after the

Psychology - Mental Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology - Mental Health - Essay Example g lack of evidence that Taylor and Brown supply for their analysis, including data that correlates, but does not necessitate causation from research study on college students, incorrect assumptions about the meaning of the overly positive illusions that depressed individuals have, the overwhelming belief of depressed individuals to believe they have more control over their situation then they do, and the idea that a positive belief about the future will necessitate a positive future (Colvin and Block 1994). While all of these concepts may be see as correlated to increased positive self image, Colvin and Block suggest that while this behavior may also be typical of normal subjects, it does not compel the reader to recognize these behaviors as healthy, when current psychological practise prefers that people have a realistic self image, as apposed to a highly illusionary self image (Colvin and Block 1994). One of the primary criticisms Colvin and Block suggest is the use of the terms â€Å"balanced† and â€Å"evenhanded.† They criticise these terms, in that Taylor and Brown do not give a definition of either term, and their meaning can be ambiguous. While Taylor and Brown’s article suggests the terms to mean â€Å"a subject ascribes to self a relatively equal number of positive and negative characteristics† (Colvin and Block 1994). Colvin and Block argue that a more realistic assumption of self would be an unequal characteristic organisation, which is a more accurate portrayal of the self (Colvin and Block 1994). Looking at research, Colvin and Block make a strong argument for the need for realism, not illusion in mental health. While most people rate themselves as happier or better of then others, this is the result of overly broad questioning, which makes answers incomparable. When questions are focused on specific traits, the better than others effect is severely diminished (Dunning, Meyerowitz, & Holzberg, 1989). Also, while mentally healthy individuals

Analysing The Effect Of Mobile Phones

Analysing The Effect Of Mobile Phones Mobile phones has always been one of the most important and great devices of all times. Martin cooper, the cell phones inventor has changed the world in both positive and negative sides in different life matters. The effect of Mobile phones has reached every single person in the universe, Professors and doctors knew that there will be a huge change in the societies after this great invention; however, they never expected that mobile phone will make a new world with a lot of new advantages but also some disadvantages. Nowadays, Mobile phones are affecting the infrastructure of this world or Students in other words in all life matters, Mobile phones became a big part of students life. As they are considered one of the society categories, you should expect that the effect of the mobile phones has played an important part in their daily life. Therefore, they need it to communicate with each other in terms of their many studies matters. Talking about how good or bad is the mobile phones r eflection on students life, health and also results can open an endless discussions, full of different ideas and thoughts, Some might say yes mobile phones has built a new wide vision for students and also their colleges and universities so everything can be done way faster and easier than before; for example, Students in old days when there was nothing called a cell phone had to write everything wrote or presented on the board ,while it is much easier and faster now with mobile phones cameras, It would not take more than five seconds to capture a clear detailed photo. Some say Wow how can people live without a Bluetooth in their cell phones!? Yes, those who think that mobile phones is a big part of students life have another strong thick point that supports their idea, photos and files can be delivered from a mobile phone to another or from a mobile phone to a pc in no time! So Students can share their notes, Lab pictures and videos easily. In addition, Mobile phones provide a grea t way of communication, which is the most important advantage you can use. Students now became closer to each other due to the amazing technology that mobile phones offer, It made things easier for students in many different study aspects, meetings are now conducted with one single SMS; also, they can reach their lecturers during their consolation hours even if the student was too busy to meet his/her lecturer. In case on emergency, Mobile phones can be very useful as they allow Students to deal with emergency cases; for example, one group member was late to an essential presentation, in this case the leader can contact him easily, or during a sport activity in the campus someone was badly injured so; thus, his friends can call the ambulance to avoid any Complications. Despite the huge amount of advantages, there has to be some disadvantages as well. Some people go against the fact that Mobile phones is a must in students life given that it has direct and indirect influences which m ay affect the students health and effort. For instance, the mobile waves can destroy our brain cells and cause disease like brain cancer. Besides, it can be addictive in a way that can drag the student not to pay attention in his class which may disturb other students in the class. Also, some students might use the phone camera in offensive matters that create tension among the students which will affect their output and productivity. In this report we are going to put a literature review which will provide this report with rich information which and that will guide us to better results. One more important section will be the findings part, which will come before the conclusion to allow the readers to know our final view after doing this report. Moreover, we are going to study the fact that mobile phones is very important for students; for that, we are going to list the results that we came out with from our questionnaire. Least but not last, we will summarize the results and outcom es attached with some recommendations to provide a better understanding for the readers, and also to cover all the advantages and disadvantages of the mobile phones to students that has been mentioned in all the report. Literature Review Mobile phones and wireless technologies are a well known part in the lives of many teachers and students in Multimedia University today. This technology has provided us with a very fast and quick access too many information and also not to forget that that with the help of these technologies we can talk to our friends by calling them or sending a text message or an Email. The world is going towards technologies and everyone is seeking towards what makes his life easier, for that reason we see people caring mobile phones, because it gives them a quick way to communicate with each other. These devices which can fits in our pockets are very powerful tools because it provides us with a variety of information sources and it enables us to communicate almost anytime and everywhere. Seeking for communication and information is the main reason why students are using mobile phones. This review provides us with the main reasons and effects of mobile phones to the students of Multimedia University. A recent study shows to what extend did mobile culture penetrate college classrooms, Fried (2008) had students complete a weekly survey, throughout a whole semester, related to the ways they used laptops and mobiles is a psychology course (n=128). The course was based on lectures with no laptop or mobile activities utilized in any organized fashion by the lecturer. About 64% of the students reported using their laptops and mobiles at least during one class period. Those who used laptops used them, on average, about half of the class period. Users reported that about 50% of the time they used the laptops it was for non-academic activities. In other words, close to 25% of the lecture time was spent by students, using their laptops to do other things then taking lecture notes. Similarly, in a large survey (n=1,162) conducted among American college students, one third of the students surveyed admitted using their laptops and cell phones playing games that were not part of the instructional activities during classes. There is a long tradition in cognitive science studies that demonstrate that human mental resources are limited and that there is a performance decrement under divided attention conditions (Roda Thomas, 2006; Gopher, 1993; Kahneman, 1973; Craik Lockhart, 1972; Posner, 1982). However, one might suggest that current students are digital natives, who are savvy and efficient multitaskers, thus their academic performance shouldnt necessarily be compromised by using laptops and mobiles during lectures. A study conducted by Hembrooke and Gay (2003) tried to address such claims. The study took advantage of a project where all students were issued laptops. Students (n=44) were randomly assigned, during a communication course class, to two experimental conditions: an open laptop vs. a closed laptop. At the end of the class students took a recognition and recall quiz. The closed laptop condition outperformed the open laptop one. Moreover, students who used their laptops to look for lecture re lated materials did not do better than their friends who used the laptops for non-academic purposes. Fried (2008) reports similar results she found a negative correlation between the amount of time students reported using their laptops during the psychology lectures throughout the semester and their final grade. Moreover, when asked, at the end of the course, what were the factors that might have interfered with their ability to learn lecture materials laptop use by fellow students was the single most reported distracter, followed by the interference caused by ones own laptop use. Hembrooke and Gays (2003) and Frieds (2008) studies suggest, therefore, that laptop multitaskers pay an academic price for their use to these technologies. The claim that laptops distract students and impair their academic performance refers to classrooms where laptop activity is not directly relevant to academic needs. Obviously, when laptop activities are pedagogically integrated into the course, for in stance, when communication between students is required in a web-based collaborative activity laptops could provide enormous advantages. Under such circumstances there is evidence that laptop and mobile activities can increase engagement, active learning and meaningful interaction among students and between them and the instructor (e.g., Driver, 2002; Barak et al., 2006; Demb et al., 2004; Gay et al. 2001). Decrease in academic performance due to off-task multitasking refers, therefore, mainly to non-structured use of laptops and mobiles during lectures. Resent study with the same interests from Holon Institute of Technology about the use of mobile appliances during lectures, Ronen Hammer (2010) Most of the students who own laptops (91%) reported that they use them during classes for activities that are not related to the lesson, while 25% said that they always do so. The distribution of the activities is presented in Table 1. It seems that instructors have a realistic and accurate perception of the activity carried out by students with the mobile devices during their lectures (Table 1). Students too believe that the instructors are usually aware of what they are doing with their computers (17% always, 77% sometimes). As to cell phones: most of the student (93%) report that their cell phones are on quiet mode 6% leave them open and less than one percent completely shut down ! This behavior might not be surprising when compared to their behavior when attending a public show (movie or theater): none would leave it open (not socially accepted) but only five percents would shut it down completely (fear of not being connected). Most students (83%) state that they try to hide their activity with the cell phone from the instructor. About half of the students (46%) state that they would answer calls that are not urgent and when doing so they leave the class (94%). Students state that they use their portable devices for other, non related activities when they are bored (portable computer 97%, cell phone 74%). Students and Instructors Views: The main paradox surfaces from the data presented in Table 2. Students and instructors views on the harmful effects of using portable computers for other activities during lessons seem to be quite similar. Nevertheless, their attitude regarding the legitimacy of such action is very different. There seems to be a clear relation between students age and their views on the issue of legitimacy of using portable devices during lectures for non-academic purposes. The correlation between views regarding legitimacy and age found for cell phones was significant (r=0.22, p=0.008) and for laptops marginal (r=0.145, p=0.058) while, as expected, both views were significantly correlated (r=0.3, p=0.004). Students opinions regarding the legitimacy of mobile devices usage during class was not found to be related to owning laptops. Another study from Health Libraries Group (2005) indicates that most mobile technology applications were occurring in the United States. At the time of the review the most prevalent mobile technologies were PDAs, laptops, WAP phones. A range of advantages and disadvantages to the technology were discovered. Mobile technologies were mainly being used for clinical rather than learning applications. The students showed a low level of awareness of the technology but placed great importance to accessing learning resources from the community. Many students embarking on a University course bring with them one or more mobile computing devices, including smart phones, PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) and laptop or tablet computers. The software on these devices is designed primarily to support the world of office work. Typical applications include time management, communication and productivity tools. Whilst these are of some use to students, they are not designed specifically to support their activities, such as attending lectures, reading course content, revising for exams and meeting course deadlines. As these handheld computers and smart phones become more widely used there is an opportunity to harness them to benefit learning, as well as to provide appropriate institutional support for their use. In the shift from mass teaching to support of personal learning, it is also the responsibility of educators to ensure that students have the relevant skills and environments to succeed as self-directed learners. Focusing on PDAs, the study described below has investigated whether students would find a handheld computer useful for supporting their learning, and in particular whether a specially designed, integrated learning organizer would be more suitable for supporting learning than the existing set of mobile office tools, such as a digital calendar, contacts list and to-do list. A Mobile Learning Organizer has been developed at the University of Birmingham (Holme Sharples, 2002) and was evaluated as part of this study. A group of seventeen MSc students at the University of Birmingham were loaned wireless PDAs. The department in which the students were studying has wireless coverage throughout its five storey building. In addition to running standard Pocket PC applications, the PDAs provided a Mobile Learning Organizer which comprises an integrated suite of tools for Students to access course material, view their timetables, communicate via email and instant messaging and organize ideas and notes. The tools were based on the Pocket Outlook Personal Information Manager (PIM), with a custom-designed interface to present the information in a form that matches the structure of student learning. For example, the calendar was presented as a series of teaching slots corresponding to the standard University timetable. The mobile phones play as an important device in these days, since is the mobile phones is very important we choose to do a research about this topic among the Multimedia FOE students. A method section is one of the important sections in our research report it is typically describe all the action taken by the group to do this research. This section should involve all the information about our research to allow for the other researcher to replicate our study among this topic. The main purpose of the whole method section is to allow for the reader to understand what is the main point from the research and how we done with this research. Method section should describe the research participants, the materials that we used and the procedure taken by the group. Participants: Communication technology is the most important things in the world. It is playing an important role in the life of people nowadays. It can make the life easier by allow the people to communicate with anyone in the world. It allows you to communicate with your family, friends, and other. In other world it can keep you in touch with each other in the world. Mobile phone is the one of the greatest communication technology in the world. Mobile phone is an electronic device which is allows you to communicate with anyone in the world. Nowadays, mobile phone playing an important role in the life of people and people cannot live without it specially the teenager. The teenager used the mobile phone in the positive side and the negative side. However, the mobile phone is important for everyone specially the student. We have done a research on the importance of the mobile phone for the students. We have done this research to know how the mobile phone is importance for students nowadays speciall y the engineering students. Firstly, our research will be done on the faculty of engineering only in the Multimedia University. Secondly, our research will be done on 5% of the FOE student, that mean we randomly selected 200 students from the faculty of engineering from the all level no matter what is the gender of student and their nationality. Material: In this section of the report we are going to describe all the materials we were use it in our research. There will be two types of data collecting which are primary data, and secondary data. In the primary data we collect our points based on our knowledge so that can we start our research. In the secondary data we will collect the data from books and from internet websites. Moreover, we will come out with a questionnaire based on our search on books and internet. In the questionnaire we will used a general question for the mobile phones, question regard the education purpose can be used in the mobile phone and we use several questions such as yes/no question and strongly disagree to strongly agree. After we design the questionnaire paper we were try on our group member who is 8 members, then we will distributes among the FOE student. Procedure: This section is to show for the reader how the presses were. First of all, we do a meeting at the end of January 2010 to put done our idea about what is our topic for the research, after we choose a topic we started so search in the websites about any information or articles can help us in our research. At 5th February 2010 we wrote the proposal report which contains the mean information about out topic. After that, we come out with a questionnaire and distribute it among the students then we started analyze the data we got from the questionnaire. Finally, we wrote our report for the research. Results and discussion There are 96 % cannot live without mobile Im talking about myself I agree no one can live without Mobile, Because it is the means of communication between people and no one can live alone You must be in touch with friends and family. There are some people use phones in the class Takes Video camera in the lesson, even if he returned home and want to study can review Lesson Video, recorded by the existing mobile, and also can be related to the family at anytime in order to ask about their Health is possible that the student is in Problem cannot Solve it alone so It will contact a friend or family even help what would he do if it does not have the Mobile? And there are some students can not enter to the internet because they do not have a computer why do students in this problemØÅ ¸ I think they will use the phones in the entry to the internet some students love the music and not have Device mp3 or mp4 or.. so Put the music in Mobile And listen music at any time they like him And al so there at the university joint work between the students and some students How will meet your friends If you do not have the Mobile. There are 4 % Can live without a mobile are very few I think they do not have any friendship with any of the people or students And always in problem It is possible some of these Relaxes Because there is no Facing the problem of in their personal lives. There are 46.50 % agree that calls the best communication of mms and SMS and GPRS because it is faster and shorten the time and the cost is not expensive, but there is a problem if he wants to call friends or family International It is very expensive. And there are 38.50 % agree that SMS the best communication of calls and mms and GPRS because it is its very cheap and Does not differentiate between whether you are sending to the outside or inside. If you sent the message to anyone and he is busy he can read it. There are 9.50 % agree that mms the best communication of calls and SMS and GPRS because it is cant send pictures and video only in this way which is not expensive nor cheap is it normal. All these means of communication are available in the mobile phones. And there are 5.50 % agree that GPRS this Ratio is very low so this property is not available in all mobile. There are 60 % Always put Mobile on the silent in the class I think this is better because students need to Concentration To understand what the teacher say And especially mathematics and physics This material is very important or he has a test in the class . And also there are 16 % very often put Mobile on the silent in the class Possible that he might forget or this class is not very important. And also there are 16 % sometimes put Mobile on the silent in the class Possible he have meeting in the class. Also there is 8 % never put Mobile on the silent in the class Confirmation It did not give any attention to any of the class. There are 60 % Always put Mobile on the silent in the class I think this is better because students need to Concentration To understand what the teacher say And especially mathematics and physics This material is very important or he has a test in the class . And also there are 16 % very often put Mobile on the silent in the class Possible that he might forget or this class is not very important. And also there are 16 % sometimes put Mobile on the silent in the class Possible he have meeting in the class. Also there is 8% never put Mobile on the silent in the class Confirmation It did not give any attention to any of the class. There are 20 % very little Using the mobile phone to access the internet education matters Have Laptop there are 56 % little Using the mobile phone to access the internet education matters balance is not enough There are 74% normal Using the mobile phone to access the internet education matters I think poring There are 12 % above normal Using the mobile phone to access the internet education matters I think is very poring. There are 38% a lot using the mobile phone to access the internet education matters check website Attendance and grades material. There are 25 % very little using the mobile phone to access the internet social network networking net low at. . There are 12 % little using the mobile phone to access the internet social network Do not like a lot of friendship formation. There are 59 % normal using the mobile phone to access the internet social network sometimes busy. There are 61 % above normal using the mobile phone to access the internet social network Have relations hips with people. There are 43 % lot using the mobile phone to access the internet social network is not doing anything. . There are 41% very little using the mobile phone to access the internet banking do not know how to use the service. There are 62% little using the mobile phone to access the internet banking do not need this service. There are 23% normal using the mobile phone to access the internet banking Net on Mobile is weak. There are 32% above normal using the mobile phone to access the internet banking because they are footmen business. There are 32% a lot using the mobile phone to access the internet banking can transfer money from one account to account easily and Can charge card phones in a very short time. . There are 15 % very little using the mobile phone to access the internet gaming Do not like to play. There are 27% little using the mobile phone to access the internet gaming Completed the battery quickly. There are 60% normal using the mobile phone to access the internet gaming they have a lot of time. There are 26% above normal using the mobile phone to access the internet gaming Search is faster on some games. There are 72% a lot using the mobile phone to access the internet gaming Love the games at any time and have time for that much. There are 19% very little using the mobile phone to access the internet browsing Costing high enough. There are 36% little using the mobile phone to access the internet browsing Posted unavailable in all places. There are 36% normal using the mobile phone to access the internet browsing whether there nothing necessary. There are 18% above normal using the mobile phone to access the internet browsing have much free time. There are 91% a lot using th e mobile phone to access the internet browsing because the provision of time and you can browse the Internet at any times there is a network of net found. There are 49 percent agree that communicate for educational purposes daily less than 30 minutes could be in charge of a project and I want to take some information from someone. There are 32.50 percent agree that communicate for educational purposes daily 30 minutes to 1 hour If there is an issue not understand, and I want one to me. There are 18.50 percent agree that communicate for educational purposes daily more than 1 hour If there was a graduation project. There are 27percent very little use short massages as a communication method because it means tired. There are 19percent little use short massages as a communication method because it is an old means of communication. There are 27percent normal use short massages as a communication method I think their mother have a balance in the mobile. There are 11percent above normal use short massages as a communication method to learn the English language. There are 5percent very much use short massages as a communication method do not like to waste time to speak in non-beneficial. The pie chart above indicates the percentage for number of FOE student who use the mobile phones cameras for educational purposes. As the graph showing that more than half the FOE students uses their mobile phones camera for education purposes. On the other hand the percentage of the student that not using the mobile phones camera is almost half which make both percentages close. The percentage of the students that are using the camera for education is 51% because of the new high resolution cameras that comes now a day in most of mobile phones in which allows the students to photograph the whiteboard if they didnt have the time to take notes and copy them at the time that he want, however the rest also high percentage and its because some of the students may not have a camera in their mobile phones or it could be that the camera that they have is not that high to take clear photo for what they need to document. As the new technology in the mobile phone in which give the student the ability to use the internet in the mobile phones at any time we want. The pie chart above shows that most students dont access the internet throws their mobile phones, however the chart above indicates that the percentage of the internet users is not bad. The high percentage of the students who are not using the internet because the mobile phones that have the ability to connect to the world wide web and has a built-in Wi-Fi are more expansive than the ordinary mobile phones, and some students dont use it because of the small mobile screen so they prefer the PC or the laptops to access the internet. The mobile phones signal should be blocked in the class rooms to minimize the disturbs. The bar graph shows that most of the students disagree with this idea. Next the lowest percentage who are nether agree or disagree, after that there is a respective %age of the students whom agreeing with the idea. Most of the student disagrees because they may be needed by a friend is case of an emergence, and other agrees because of the disturb that the mobile phones causes in the class rooms when of the students mobile phone rings. The signal shouldnt be block all the time in the case of any emergence as most students thinks.

Side Effects of the Drug Psilocybin Essay example -- Drugs Medicine He

Side Effects of the Drug Psilocybin There have been many experiments and personal testimonies documenting the side effect behavior changes and effects reported by users of the drug Psilocybin from ancient history until more modern times. For instance, the Aztecs believed that they were capable of moving back and forth between the earthly and supernatural realms (Schwartz 1988). This travel between realms was often associated with hallucinatory trances guided by their god for the entheogens-the Prince of Flowers. The Aztecs called this ritual "the flowery dream;" this was induced by sacred mushrooms (Erowid). The trend towards experimenting with Psilocybin to determine its effects on the body started in the early 1960's with prominent psychologists like Timothy Leary and Albert Hofmann taking Psilocybin themselves and reporting their experiences (Levitt 1975: 270). Later, there were more controlled double-blind studies performed with groups of subjects where the drug is administered and neither the subjects nor the experimenter know which group is receiving the drug and which group is receiving the placebo. It is much easier in these types of experiments to control for extraneous variables and to find a good operational measure for the subjects' reactions to Psilocybin. However, since the experiences reported by most users of Psilocybin are within a narrow radius of variation, it is possible to utilize individual's personal experiences of Psilocybin as long as they are comparable to the experiences reported by the majority of the Psilocybin users in other experiments. In general, both psilocybin and psilocybin produce yawning, inability to concentrate, r... ...ashington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation. McKenna, T. (1991). The archaic revival. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. McKenna, T., & McKenna, D. (1999). The invisible landscape: Mind, hallucinogens, and the I Ching. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. Schwartz, Richart H. and Smith, Deborah. Hallucinogenic Mushrooms. Clinical Pediatrics 27. 70-73 (1988). The Vault of Erowid: Sacred mushrooms. Retrieved from www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms. (21 February 2005). Weil, A. (1980). The marriage of the sun and moon: A quest for unity in consciousness. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Wezelman, R. & Bierman, D.J. (1997). Process Oriented Ganzfeld Research in Amsterdam: The effects of THC and Psilocybin on paranormal phenomena. Retrieved from http://m0134.fmg.uva.nl/publications/2000/psychotropic_GF.p df (28 February 2005).

What is biopsychology

Multidisciplinary study of the nervous system and its role in behaviour. Understanding brain demands incredible level of effort, ingenuity, and technological innovation. US Congress declares 1990s as being â€Å"Decade of the Brain† Not only expand the horizon of human knowledge but also advances treatment of: neurological disease, emotional disorders, and addictions 300 years of scientific past The branch of psychology that studies the relationship between behaviour and the body, particularly the brain. Behaviour:Internal events such as: learning thinking emotion Overt (Done or shown openly; plainly or readily apparent, not secret or hidden) acts Biopsychology attempts to answer: What changes in the brain when a person learns? Why does one person develop depression, another becomes anxious, and another is normal? What is the physiological explanation for emotions? How do we recognise the face of a friend? How does the brain ‘s activity result in consciousness? Biologica l psychologists use a variety of research techniques to answer these uestions.Ex: Staining and Imaging neurons Light and electron microscopy Measuring and manipulating brain activity Brain imaging techniques Genetics Main focus is on the brain's role in behaviour Main tocus is on the brain s role in behaviour. Thinkers have struggled with the question of behaviour and experience for more than two millennia. Psychology as a separate discipline fairly recently (1879, Wilhelm Wundt). Biological approach could answer significant questions about behaviour.

Final Paper Identity

Final Paper Identity Final Paper Identity Brandon Boyd Mrs. Rassool March 30, 2015 English 096 Being Successful Many people in the world strive for success. The definition of success is the accomplishment of one's goals. To attain success, it won't always go as planned because it is hard and it takes a lot of work to attain success in what ever you're trying to become successful at. Many factors come into play when trying to become successful, but none more than identity. Success for people who work in the business industry is hard to come, especially for people with different identities than the person in charge. In What the Dog Saw by Malcom Gladwell, identity plays a huge role throughout all the short stories in this book. In the Art of Failure, Gladwell, talks about how people choke or panic, and the difference between the two. Those can play in part in how identity affects one’s success because athletes or anybody can choke or panic in trying to reach their goals. Identity can affect one's success in a business atmosphere because of his or her race, gender, age, or even one's belie fs or religion. In the Art of Failure, many athletes, pilots, or anyone in a stressful situation seem to panic or choke. Human beings sometimes falter under pressure. Pilots crash and divers drown. Under the glare of competition, basketball players cannot find the basket and golfers cannot find the pin. When that happens, we say variously that people have â€Å"panicked† or, to use the sports colloquialism, â€Å"choked.† Choking sounds like a vague and all-encompassing term, yet it describes a very specific kind of failure. For example, psychologists often use a primitive video game to test motor skills. They’ll sit you in front of a computer with a screen that shows four boxes in a row, and a keyboard that has four corresponding buttons in a row. One at a time, x’s start to appear in the boxes on the screen, and you are told that every time this happens you are to push the key corresponding to the box. According to Daniel Willingham, a psychologist at the University of Virginia, if you’re told ahead of time about the pattern in which those x’s will appear, your reaction time in hitting the right key will improve dramatically. You’ll play the game very carefully for a few rounds, until you’ve learned the sequence, and then you’ll get faster and faster. Willingham calls this â€Å"explicit learning.† But suppose you’re not told that the xà ¢â‚¬â„¢s appear in a regular sequence, and even after playing the game for a while you’re not aware that there is a pattern. You’ll still get faster: you’ll learn the sequence unconsciously. Willingham calls that â€Å"implicit learning†Ã¢â‚¬â€œlearning that takes place outside of awareness. These two learning systems are quite separate, based in different parts of the brain. Willingham says that when you are first taught something–say, how to hit a backhand or an overhead forehand–you think it through in a very deliberate, mechanical manner. But as you get better the implicit system takes over: you start to hit a backhand fluidly, without thinking. The basal ganglia, where implicit learning partially resides, are concerned with force and timing, and when that system kicks in you begin to develop touch and accuracy, the ability to hit a drop shot or place a serve at a hundred miles per hour. â€Å"This is something that is going to happen g radually,† Willingham says. â€Å"You hit several thousand forehands, after a while you may still be attending to it. In the end, you don’t really notice what your hand is doing at all.† Under conditions of stress, however, the explicit system sometimes takes over. That’s what it means to choke. That’s what it means to choke. Panicking however, is much different than choking. Panic also causes what psychologists call perceptual narrowing. In one study, from the early seventies, a group of subjects were asked to perform a visual acuity task while undergoing what they thought was a sixty-foot dive in a pressure chamber. At the same time, they were asked

Amusing Ourselves to Death Thesis

Amusing Ourselves to Death Thesis The author talks about the effects of the media on the population, particularly political and economic life. People are fed with varying information regarding what happens in government. Before the advent of the television, people relied on the newspapers and articles for information, but this changed with time when people were forced to depend on the television for critical information.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Amusing Ourselves to Death Thesis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With time, the mass media has taken over because it relays information faster and more accurate as compared to the television. The author observes that the electronic media, such as the internet, cell phones, and DVDs, determine the type of information that people listen to in the modern society. The book is a prophetic in nature since it predicts that human life, particularly in terms of politics, would be reduced to the level of enter tainment. The author is saddened by the fact that religion is losing meaning in the modern society since the mass media controls it. According to his view, the mass media should be manipulated to serve the interests of the majority in society. The mass media should not be allowed to control human life since it has negative influence, particularly on children and the youth. Many people consume according to the media adverts meaning that the new trend affects even the health of individuals. Human beings have the highest goals that can only be attained when the media is channeled to serve their interests. The main point of the author is that the media affects human life negatively hence it should be redesigned to serve human needs. The book is divided into two major parts with part one having five sections while the second part has six sections. The most important section in the first part is the section talking about the media as an epistemology. This means that political information in the modern society relies on the social media. Any political debate or discourse with an aim of attaining its aims must focus on capturing the attention of the electorate in the social media. In the third section, the author underscores the fact that the American society is just one of the modern societies that the social media has taken over its communication activities.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fourth section of part observes further that the mind is programmed in a way that would just respond to information in the social media. People trust information in the social media as compared to any other source. The second part of the book examines number of instances that the social media has influenced politics in the United States. From Postman’s analysis, it can be concluded that the social media is the new way of reaching out to the electorate since most o f them are available there. This shows that politics have developed over several years to be what it is today. Before the social media, the author noted that the mass media was the commonly used technique in reaching out to the electorate. Postman’s dream suggesting that the media should be used to serve human interests is being fulfilled since it is creating mass awareness. Politics is regarding its position in society since the media serves its interests, but not the other way round. It should also be noted that the social media has had tremendous effects on social life as compared to the television.

Post-Compulsory Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Post-Compulsory Education - Essay Example It was the emphasis upon further education providing a preparation for jobs which underpinned the new vocationalism of the 1980s. However, in more recent years, the provision of a 'vocational education' has come to be recognised as a more complex matter than that of simply training students in job-specific skills. While it is true to say that General, Liberal and Social Studies appendages to post -war vocational courses were an attempt to provide students with a wider educational base to their studies, it was the BTEC curriculum introduced from the early 1980s which took the first significant steps towards a preparation for work within a broader concept of vocational education. The development of TVEI as an enhancement curriculum, of generic and core skills, and of modular course structures such as GNVQ can be seen as further evidence of some general shift towards a broader, re-focused vocationalism. The reasons behind these shifts are themselves interesting and result from analyses of the changing needs of the economy, the labour market and, in particular, the nature of work. Post -Fordist and other analyses of current and prospective transformations in Western societies have stressed a requirement for some form of 'flexible' knowledge worker within collaborative, hightrust, high-skill, work relations (Brown and Lauder, 1991) and it is with some, albeit hasty and superficial, appreciation of these requirements that curriculum development has been stimulated. I say hasty and superficial because, a high degree of uncertainty still surrounds the extent of, the directions of, and the full implications of the developments anticipated in the post -Fordist analysis. Indeed, evidence of the anticipated flatter, leaner, hierarchies is not in great abundance, at least in Britain. Moreover, the surface features of post -Fordism are largely indistinguishable from those of the 'enterprise c ulture' and, where curriculum developments do not address fundamental differences between the two, their unresolved contradictions are carried forward into course planning. 'Student-centred learning', 'autonomy', 'entitlement', 'empowerment', 'democracy' and 'citizenship', which figure prominently in recent curriculum developments, are examples of concepts in popular use in post-compulsory education whose rhetorical value is their power to legitimise and compel common assent to curriculum innovations but whose more sinister function is to obscure the need for critical examination of those innovations (Avis, 1993:13-14). Nonetheless, many of the reforms to have taken place in post-compulsory education since the early 1990s, despite the problematic nature of their underlying evidence and logic, reflect a clear and visible attempt to shift from a narrowly focused 'preparation for work' towards some notion of preparation 'for life', 'for citizenship', 'for multi-skilled work' and 'for collaborative work relationships'. While the effects of such shifts are most evident in full-time vocational courses, and to some extent in A-level programmes, they have received little or no recognition in NVQ levels 1, 2 and 3. Consequently, the once clear purpose of vocational education has become bifurcated into 'vocational education' based in some broader concepts of vocation and preparation and 'occupational training' whose primary concern is to equip learners with skills for jobs. We can say that

Indo-European Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Indo-European - Essay Example One of the theories about Indo-European languages that help in understanding contemporary languages is their disproportional significance. The disproportional nature of their significance is that they have dominated largely than would be expected of their number. This is because the languages are merely less than 30 percent of the total number of languages in the world but they dominate over the remaining majority languages (Diamond 249). The theory of disproportionate significance explains the current trend in languages in which non Indo-European speakers are assimilating Indo-European languages. Loss of linguistic diversity is the consequence because people are forsaking their native languages into the Indo-European languages, a wave that begun towards the end of the 15th century. The theory of disproportionate significance of the Indo-European language is also significant from the fact that it withstood possible influence from other languages that existed in Europe such as Finish and Assyrian. These other languages, in spite of having existed in the region, failed to influence languages in Europe and other regions as the Indo-European languages did. The theory of disproportionate significance of Indo-European languages therefore explains the languages’ spread to become native languages for other people across the world (Diamond 252). Another theory about Indo-European languages that helps understand contemporary languages is the theory that the Indo-European languages substituted other languages that then ceased to exist. This theory explains the spread of the Indo-European theories and supports the disproportionate theory. Not only did the Indo-European theories spread to other regions but also they replaced native languages in those regions. New generations therefore grew with the knowledge that an Indo-European language that they are exposed to id their native language. This theory further explains the use of Indo-European