Iron Element Facts

Iron Basic Facts: Symbol: FeAtomic Number: 26Atomic Weight: 55.847Element Classification: Transition MetalCAS Number: 7439-89-6 Iron Periodic Table Location Group: 8Period:4Block: d Iron Electron Configuration Short Form: [Ar]3d64s2Long Form: 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2Shell Structure: 2 8 14 2 Iron Discovery Discovery Date: Ancient TimesName: Iron derives its name from the Anglo-Saxon iren. The element symbol, Fe, was shortened from the Latin word ferrum meaning firmness.History: Ancient Egyptian iron objects have been dated to around 3500 B.C. These objects also contain approximately 8% nickel showing the iron may have originally been part of a meteorite. The Iron Age began around 1500 B.C. when the Hittites of Asia Minor began to smelt iron ore and make iron tools. Iron Physical Data State at room temperature (300 K): SolidAppearance: malleable, ductile, silvery metalDensity: 7.870 g/cc (25  °C)Density at Melting Point: 6.98 g/ccSpecific Gravity: 7.874 (20  °C)Melting Point: 1811 KBoiling Point: 3133.35 KCritical Point: 9250 K at 8750 barHeat of Fusion: 14.9 kJ/molHeat of Vaporization: 351 kJ/molMolar Heat Capacity: 25.1 J/mol ·KSpecific Heat: 0.443 J/g ·K (at 20  °C) Iron Atomic Data Oxidation States (Bold most common): 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, and -2Electronegativity: 1.96 (for oxidation state 3) and 1.83 (for oxidation state 2)Electron Affinity: 14.564 kJ/molAtomic Radius: 1.26 Ã…Atomic Volume: 7.1 cc/molIonic Radius: 64 (3e) and 74 (2e)Covalent Radius: 1.24 Ã…First Ionization Energy: 762.465 kJ/molSecond Ionization Energy: 1561.874 kJ/molThird Ionization Energy: 2957.466 kJ/mol Iron Nuclear Data Number of isotopes: 14 isotopes are known. Naturally occuring iron is made up of four isotopes.Natural Isotopes and % abundance: 54Fe (5.845),56Fe (91.754), 57Fe (2.119) and 58Fe (0.282) Iron Crystal Data Lattice Structure: Body-Centered CubicLattice Constant: 2.870 Ã…Debye Temperature: 460.00 K Iron Uses Iron is vital to plant and animal life. Iron is the active part of the hemoglobin molecule our bodies use to transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Iron metal is widely alloyed with other metals and carbon for a multiple commercial uses. Pig iron is an alloy containing about 3-5% carbon, with varying quantities of Si, S, P, and Mn. Pig iron is brittle, hard, and fairly fusible and is used to produce other iron alloys, including steel. Wrought iron contains only a few tenths of a percent of carbon and is malleable, tough, and less fusible than pig iron. Wrought iron typically has a fibrous structure. Carbon steel is an iron alloy with carbon and small amounts of S, Si, Mn, and P. Alloy steels are carbon steels that contain additives such as chromium, nickel, vanadium, etc. Iron is the least expensive, most abundant, and most used of all metals. Miscellaneous Iron Facts Iron is the 4th most abundant element in the Earths crust. The Earths core is believed to be comprised primarily of iron.Pure iron is chemically reactive and corrodes rapidly, especially in moist air or at elevated temperatures.There are four allotropes of iron known as ferrites. These are designated ÃŽ ±-, ÃŽ ²-, ÃŽ ³-, and ÃŽ ´- with transition points at 770, 928, and 1530  °C. The ÃŽ ±- and ÃŽ ²- ferrites have the same crystal structure, but when the ÃŽ ±- form becomes the ÃŽ ²- form, the magnetism disappears.The most common iron ore is hematite (Fe2O3 mostly). Iron is also found in magnetite (Fe3O4) and taconite (a sedimentary rock containing more than 15% iron mixed with quartz).The top three countries that mine iron are Ukraine, Russia and China. China, Australia and Brazil lead the world in iron production.Many meteorites have been found to contain high levels of iron.Iron is found in the sun and other stars.Iron is an essential mineral for health, but too much iron is extre mely toxic. Free iron in the blood reacts with peroxides to form free radicals that damage DNA, protein, lipids and other cellular components, leading to illness and sometimes death. 20 milligrams of iron per kilogram of body weight is toxic, while 60 milligrams per kilogram is lethal.Iron is essential for the development of brain development. Children with iron deficiencies show a lower ability to learn.Iron burns with a gold color in a flame test.Iron is used in fireworks to make sparks. The color of the sparks will depend on the temperature of the iron. Sources CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (89th Ed.), National Institute of Standards and Technology, History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers, Norman E. Holden 2001.

The Product Liability Law - Protecting the Rights of the Consumer to S Term Paper

Essays on The Product Liability Law - Protecting the Rights of the Consumer to Safeguard Them from the Potential Harm of the Defective Products Term Paper The paper â€Å"The Product Liability Law - Protecting the Rights of the Consumer to Safeguard Them from the Potential Harm of the Defective Products† is an informative variant of term paper on law. Product liability is the liability of a manufacturer for marketing a defective product to the consumer. In the US, product liability claims are under the jurisdiction of state law. Each state has a set of commercial statutes based on the Uniform Commercial Code. It has the warranty rules governing product liability. They are covered under negligence, strict liability or breach of warranty.Earlier if one wished to claim for the injuries caused by a product, one had to have ‘privity of contract’ which is a contractual contract between the supplier and the buyer of the product. Now, this is not required anymore. A claim can be made for product liability even if the injured person is not the buyer of the product. As long as the product has been sold and there is a possibil ity of injury from that product, a product liability claim can be made. In other words, we can say that if a product fails to meet the requirement or expectation of a customer or can cause a possible injury, it is covered by the product liability law.The sale of the product is a must for product liability to arise. In fact, the responsibility of the defective products lies with all the sellers who may be in the chain like the manufacturer, wholesaler, and retailer or even the party that assembles and installs the product. Strict liability is applicable when the products are sold in a regular way. For example, if someone sells something through a garage sale, he would not be liable for the product liability.Laws for Product LiabilityThe laws for product liability have been developed over a long period of time. In English courts, there was a doctrine called – ‘caveat emptor’. This meant that- ‘let the buyer beware’. This doctrine expected the consumer to protect himself from the obvious and hidden defects of a product and he could not make a claim from the manufacturer. Later the English courts included a rule that made the manufacturer own the responsibility of any hidden defects of their products.The American courts had the ‘caveat emptor’ rule for a longer time. It was there is most of the nineteenth century. In the late nineteenth century, the US courts started the implied warranty that provided the consumer with the privity of contract with the defendant. In other words, the consumer can claim any product liability only if he had directly purchased it from the manufacturer.Since most of the manufacturers sold through the retailers, there was no privity of contract and the consumers could not claim it from the manufacturers. It was only in the 1950s and 1960s that the consumers could claim from the manufacturers whom they were not in their direct contact. In 1965, the Restatement of Torts was officially introduce d by the ALI or the American Law Institute. Since then the law of product liability has started to develop. This development was recognized by the ALI in 1998 by approving the Restatement (third) of Torts: Product Liability.

Running Away Free Essays

That night, she peered at me with eyes that was hanging out of her sockets and then said quietly that i could stay at her house. We strolled along the windey road waiting to see any of our other friends from school we saw a few but no one we wanted to hang around with; i was cold and so was Sarah we decided to go home we walked for miles †¦ well it seemed like miles my legs were aching and my back was killing i had shooting pains right from the top all the way to the bottom! We got to Sarah’s house and to our amazment Sarah’s mum wasn’t in we decided to make a comfy spot for us to sit while her mum came home †¦ it was like we had been sat there for hours in the background we could hear the church bells ringing we listened carefully to hear each chime we counted the chimes; something didn’t add up right both of us counted 10 chimes we starred at each other for at least 30 seconds we were amaized †¦ Sarah said in a quiet voice † where’s my mum im getting scared?† I thought to my self i know the feeling †¦we sat there a while longer to see if she turned up when we could hear a rumbling noise from the drain pipe †¦ it was like someone was in the house †¦Sarah knew there couldnt have been anyone in the house because when she tried the door earlier it wouldnt open! I was so scared We sat there a little longer; I couldn’t feel my feet and the end of my fingers were numb. I couldn’t believe how long we had been out for. We will write a custom essay sample on Running Away or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Do you have any sweets, my blood sugar is going down† I searched my pockets and my bag I had nothing † I haven’t got anything im sorry† I whispered in a shivery voice. Sarah had diabetes and couldn’t go for very long with out food, I looked at Sarah she appeared tired and gloomy I thought she might be upset with me â€Å"Sarah† I said quietly â€Å"are you upset with me† she didn’t answer I turned around and asked her again Sarah had passed out. NOW I WAS FRIGHTENED. I was alone; I rummaged through my bag and found one sweet. A deep red aniseed ball, I looked at Sarah. I knew she needed it more than me, so I sat her up against the wall and placed the aniseed ball on her tongue. Nothing happened†¦after a few seconds her eyes started to flutter â€Å"mum† Sarah called out, â€Å"Sarah its me, im here, are you ok?† she mumbled a few words I couldn’t make out what she was trying to say. I asked her to repeat the what she said â€Å"the foot mat in front of the garage, there is a key for the front door† I ran to the garage lifted the mat and there was a key I picked it up and scrambled back. We stood up slowly put the key in the door and turned it, we walked in slowly. Sarah looked into the living room and started screaming†¦ I turned not knowing what I was going to see and Sarah’s mum was slumped in the chair alone. She had passed away†¦ How to cite Running Away, Papers

Paper vs Digital Reading is an Exhausted Debate free essay sample

However e-books are very environmentaly friendly in many cases. Although printed books are the complete opposite. Printed books kill the environment for instance, six teen million tons of paper it consumes each year, leading up to thirty two million fallen trees annually, the industry’s carbon foot print is enormous.On average each printed book releases about nine pounds of carbon dioxide, I think e-books are better than books for various reasons. Some of those reasons are there quicker to obtain, there easily updated and upgraded and they are eco friendly etc. Although the paper books have their advantages but there disadvantages seem to overwhelm in many cases. In my opinion physical books will disappear do to technological and environmental purposes, but printed books will not be gone.Firstly e-books are better than books because of how quickly you can obtain them example, to get a book you would need to go to a library, and to buy the latest book of a certain author it would take you to wait in line for about an hour which would be grueling if you do not live close to the library. We will write a custom essay sample on Paper vs Digital Reading is an Exhausted Debate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although for an e-books you could do it at the comfort of your home. Also for the purchase of an e-books is considerably cheaper than printed books, for example an e-book would price range around 12 American dollars, but on the other hand a printed book costs up to 28 American dollars. As you can see there is a drastic price difference between these two. However e-books are very environmentaly friendly in many cases. Although printed books are the complete opposite. Printed books kill the environment for instance, six teen million tons of paper it consumes each year, leading up to thirty two million fallen trees annually, the industry’s carbon foot print is enormous. On average each printed book releases about nine pounds of carbon dioxide.